Andrzej Bolesta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447321507
- eISBN:
- 9781447321514
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447321507.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The re-emergence of China as an economic superpower is a spectacular phenomenon. How has it happened? Where does China go? Is there a model which China is believed to have been following and does the ...
More
The re-emergence of China as an economic superpower is a spectacular phenomenon. How has it happened? Where does China go? Is there a model which China is believed to have been following and does the model offer some transferable lessons? This book tries to answer those questions, as it is intended to contribute to the explanation of China's contemporary development trajectory. There is a plethora of analyses of post-Mao China's transformation and development. However, this book is the first comprehensive attempt to frame China's advancements within the context of the East Asian developmental miracle. It is argued here that China is a genus of post-socialist developmental state model, which fuses the two intellectual streams, that of the concept of the developmental state and that of post-socialist transformation. As China transits from central planning to market, it tries to imitate the institutions and policies of Japan and South Korea during their high growth periods of the second half of the twentieth century. This approach – broadly in opposition to the 30 years of neo-liberal propaganda worldwide – has brought impressive results and gives us some predictability as to the future. The book is divided into five chapters. Chapter one examines the concept of the developmental state. Chapter two focuses on post-socialist transformation in China. Chapter three is a comparative analysis of systemic and institutional arrangements of China, Japan and Korea. Chapter four discusses the three countries’ development policies. Chapter five examines China as a post-socialist developmental state and discusses the model's broader applicability.Less
The re-emergence of China as an economic superpower is a spectacular phenomenon. How has it happened? Where does China go? Is there a model which China is believed to have been following and does the model offer some transferable lessons? This book tries to answer those questions, as it is intended to contribute to the explanation of China's contemporary development trajectory. There is a plethora of analyses of post-Mao China's transformation and development. However, this book is the first comprehensive attempt to frame China's advancements within the context of the East Asian developmental miracle. It is argued here that China is a genus of post-socialist developmental state model, which fuses the two intellectual streams, that of the concept of the developmental state and that of post-socialist transformation. As China transits from central planning to market, it tries to imitate the institutions and policies of Japan and South Korea during their high growth periods of the second half of the twentieth century. This approach – broadly in opposition to the 30 years of neo-liberal propaganda worldwide – has brought impressive results and gives us some predictability as to the future. The book is divided into five chapters. Chapter one examines the concept of the developmental state. Chapter two focuses on post-socialist transformation in China. Chapter three is a comparative analysis of systemic and institutional arrangements of China, Japan and Korea. Chapter four discusses the three countries’ development policies. Chapter five examines China as a post-socialist developmental state and discusses the model's broader applicability.
Robert Gottlieb and Simon Ng
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262035910
- eISBN:
- 9780262338868
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035910.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
During the past four decades Los Angeles and Hong Kong have come to play a critical role in the flow of goods, people, and capital; in the changes in production and consumption; and in the urban ...
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During the past four decades Los Angeles and Hong Kong have come to play a critical role in the flow of goods, people, and capital; in the changes in production and consumption; and in the urban environmental issues that have taken root as a result of the changes they have experienced. The book evaluates the issues associated with those changes, including how LA and Hong Kong have become connected to China and its key urban regions such as Shenzhen and Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta. Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and several of China’s mega-cities have become global in their activities and reach through their financial, political and economic roles as well as the cultural, environmental, and demographic shifts that have taken place. The book documents the history and protracted nature of six urban environmental issues in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. These include ports and freight traffic (or goods movement), air quality, water supply and water quality, the food environment, transportation, and open and public space. It identifies contrasting development patterns, important similarities, and comparative trends and strategies. The book further analyzes how urban environmental issues have risen to the top of the policy agendas in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China, where and how changes are being explored and where change is possible, and where and how such changes have been blocked or undermined.Less
During the past four decades Los Angeles and Hong Kong have come to play a critical role in the flow of goods, people, and capital; in the changes in production and consumption; and in the urban environmental issues that have taken root as a result of the changes they have experienced. The book evaluates the issues associated with those changes, including how LA and Hong Kong have become connected to China and its key urban regions such as Shenzhen and Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta. Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and several of China’s mega-cities have become global in their activities and reach through their financial, political and economic roles as well as the cultural, environmental, and demographic shifts that have taken place. The book documents the history and protracted nature of six urban environmental issues in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. These include ports and freight traffic (or goods movement), air quality, water supply and water quality, the food environment, transportation, and open and public space. It identifies contrasting development patterns, important similarities, and comparative trends and strategies. The book further analyzes how urban environmental issues have risen to the top of the policy agendas in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China, where and how changes are being explored and where change is possible, and where and how such changes have been blocked or undermined.
Salvatore Babones
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447336808
- eISBN:
- 9781447336907
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447336808.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The United States has become the central state of a global world-system. Analogous in structure to China's historical Ming Dynasty tianxia ("all under heaven"), the American Tianxia is centered on ...
More
The United States has become the central state of a global world-system. Analogous in structure to China's historical Ming Dynasty tianxia ("all under heaven"), the American Tianxia is centered on the United States but incorporates other countries in proportion to their acceptance of individualistic world-society principles like human rights, democracy, and rule of law. Contrary to declinist narratives, the prominence of the United States in global distinction hierarchies is solidifying, because the externalities generated by membership in global networks ensure that people value access to these networks even when the interests of their countries clash with US interests. In the state-centric world-view of international relations scholars, China is a potential challenger to US unipolarity, but by 2010 the five Anglo-Saxon countries are likely to reach population parity with China, while over the same period hundreds of thousands of elite Chinese are likely to move their families to the United States, primarily through birth tourism. Continued US dominance is based on the incentive structures faced by these and other individuals, not on the vagaries of international relations. The American Tianxia is thus the Hegelian universal and homogeneous state that Francis Fukuyama was looking for but did not find at the end of history. It constitutes a new, millennial world-system that is very stable and likely to last for several centuries.Less
The United States has become the central state of a global world-system. Analogous in structure to China's historical Ming Dynasty tianxia ("all under heaven"), the American Tianxia is centered on the United States but incorporates other countries in proportion to their acceptance of individualistic world-society principles like human rights, democracy, and rule of law. Contrary to declinist narratives, the prominence of the United States in global distinction hierarchies is solidifying, because the externalities generated by membership in global networks ensure that people value access to these networks even when the interests of their countries clash with US interests. In the state-centric world-view of international relations scholars, China is a potential challenger to US unipolarity, but by 2010 the five Anglo-Saxon countries are likely to reach population parity with China, while over the same period hundreds of thousands of elite Chinese are likely to move their families to the United States, primarily through birth tourism. Continued US dominance is based on the incentive structures faced by these and other individuals, not on the vagaries of international relations. The American Tianxia is thus the Hegelian universal and homogeneous state that Francis Fukuyama was looking for but did not find at the end of history. It constitutes a new, millennial world-system that is very stable and likely to last for several centuries.
Salvatore Babones
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447336808
- eISBN:
- 9781447336907
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447336808.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
China faces many hostile neighbours; relations with Japan are particularly fraught. China has thus sought friends farther afield, abandoning the Deng-Hu "keeping a low profile" (KLP) strategy for Xi ...
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China faces many hostile neighbours; relations with Japan are particularly fraught. China has thus sought friends farther afield, abandoning the Deng-Hu "keeping a low profile" (KLP) strategy for Xi Jinpeng's expansive "striving for achievement" (SFA) strategy. The centerpiece of SFA is the One Belt, One Road (1B1R) initiative. China's Silk Road Economic Belt is often said to have sparked a new "Great Game" for influence in Central Asia, but Central Asian economies are much too small to have any substantive impact on Eurasian geopolitics. China's 21st Century Maritime Silk Road to Southeast Asia and beyond has been influential only in Africa, where it has little impact on global power structures. Like the fifteenth century voyages of Zheng He, the ultimate purpose of 1B1R may be to legitimate the Chinese government's rule at home. Even in this it is failing, as elite Chinese seek citizenships abroad. Birth tourism to the United States has emerged as their most important family exit strategy.Less
China faces many hostile neighbours; relations with Japan are particularly fraught. China has thus sought friends farther afield, abandoning the Deng-Hu "keeping a low profile" (KLP) strategy for Xi Jinpeng's expansive "striving for achievement" (SFA) strategy. The centerpiece of SFA is the One Belt, One Road (1B1R) initiative. China's Silk Road Economic Belt is often said to have sparked a new "Great Game" for influence in Central Asia, but Central Asian economies are much too small to have any substantive impact on Eurasian geopolitics. China's 21st Century Maritime Silk Road to Southeast Asia and beyond has been influential only in Africa, where it has little impact on global power structures. Like the fifteenth century voyages of Zheng He, the ultimate purpose of 1B1R may be to legitimate the Chinese government's rule at home. Even in this it is failing, as elite Chinese seek citizenships abroad. Birth tourism to the United States has emerged as their most important family exit strategy.
Andrzej Bolesta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447321507
- eISBN:
- 9781447321514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447321507.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
As it embraces around 25 percent of the human population, post-socialist transformation is by all means a process of historical significance. It is hardly possible to imagine complex and extensive ...
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As it embraces around 25 percent of the human population, post-socialist transformation is by all means a process of historical significance. It is hardly possible to imagine complex and extensive systemic changes that equal those taking place in parts of Europe and Asia. The process is twofold in nature; from the political perspective, authoritarian regimes are being replaced by democracies and, from the socio-economic perspective, the systems are being transformed from centrally-planned economies to market economies. This chapter examines the process of post-socialist transformation. It begins with the analysis of the general theory and discusses the main threads of the debate on the modes of transformation in reference to the so-called Washington Consensus. This is followed by a detailed analysis of post-socialist transformation in China. It is argued that China is indeed a post-socialist state in the process of systemic reformulation. The examination concerns China's transformation's political and economic features, its chronology and various perspectives. It is compared with the processes in other post-socialist countries. Finally, the developmental exceptionality of China's transformation is illustrated using quantitative examination.Less
As it embraces around 25 percent of the human population, post-socialist transformation is by all means a process of historical significance. It is hardly possible to imagine complex and extensive systemic changes that equal those taking place in parts of Europe and Asia. The process is twofold in nature; from the political perspective, authoritarian regimes are being replaced by democracies and, from the socio-economic perspective, the systems are being transformed from centrally-planned economies to market economies. This chapter examines the process of post-socialist transformation. It begins with the analysis of the general theory and discusses the main threads of the debate on the modes of transformation in reference to the so-called Washington Consensus. This is followed by a detailed analysis of post-socialist transformation in China. It is argued that China is indeed a post-socialist state in the process of systemic reformulation. The examination concerns China's transformation's political and economic features, its chronology and various perspectives. It is compared with the processes in other post-socialist countries. Finally, the developmental exceptionality of China's transformation is illustrated using quantitative examination.
Andrzej Bolesta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447321507
- eISBN:
- 9781447321514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447321507.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter focuses on the state policies related to China's development trajectory, which are selected on the basis of their role in the historical developmental states and are examined in a ...
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This chapter focuses on the state policies related to China's development trajectory, which are selected on the basis of their role in the historical developmental states and are examined in a comparative analysis with similar policies in Japan and Korea. There are three sets of state policies which are examined: The policy of industrial development is concerned with the targeting of certain branches of a national economy to be developed, due to their real or potential added value in general developmental efforts; The policy of import discrimination and export support illustrates the very mechanisms utilised in the directing of the inter-border flow of goods; The financial policy of support for industrial development and export reveals the broad range of state instruments to additionally enhance the development trajectory in the market economic conditions via financial and fiscal incentives stimulating industrialisation and international trade. It is argued that they have all been of paramount importance for China's development. This analysis is preceded by the examination of general perceptions of the industrial policies and by the analysis of the agrarian policies, as the pre-conditionality for industrial development.Less
This chapter focuses on the state policies related to China's development trajectory, which are selected on the basis of their role in the historical developmental states and are examined in a comparative analysis with similar policies in Japan and Korea. There are three sets of state policies which are examined: The policy of industrial development is concerned with the targeting of certain branches of a national economy to be developed, due to their real or potential added value in general developmental efforts; The policy of import discrimination and export support illustrates the very mechanisms utilised in the directing of the inter-border flow of goods; The financial policy of support for industrial development and export reveals the broad range of state instruments to additionally enhance the development trajectory in the market economic conditions via financial and fiscal incentives stimulating industrialisation and international trade. It is argued that they have all been of paramount importance for China's development. This analysis is preceded by the examination of general perceptions of the industrial policies and by the analysis of the agrarian policies, as the pre-conditionality for industrial development.
Robert Gottlieb and Simon Ng
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262035910
- eISBN:
- 9780262338868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035910.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
The chapter describes the history and current issues associated with the large container port facilities in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. It describes where and how goods are transported from ...
More
The chapter describes the history and current issues associated with the large container port facilities in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. It describes where and how goods are transported from the places where they are produced to their final destination. It analyzes the environmental and health impacts that have developed along this goods movement pathway. Through research and action, pressure has increased to mitigate port and goods movement environmental and health impacts, including most prominently air pollution. That in turn has led to some modest, though important policy changes towards greener operations and where actions in Los Angeles have influenced Hong Kong and vice versa, how both have influenced China’s own policies and operations. The book also identifies and analyzes new trends that are emerging, including the increase in size of the largest container ships, the consolidation of the shipping industry, particularly among Chinese state-run companies, and new and expanding port operations due to the enlargement of the Panama Canal.Less
The chapter describes the history and current issues associated with the large container port facilities in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. It describes where and how goods are transported from the places where they are produced to their final destination. It analyzes the environmental and health impacts that have developed along this goods movement pathway. Through research and action, pressure has increased to mitigate port and goods movement environmental and health impacts, including most prominently air pollution. That in turn has led to some modest, though important policy changes towards greener operations and where actions in Los Angeles have influenced Hong Kong and vice versa, how both have influenced China’s own policies and operations. The book also identifies and analyzes new trends that are emerging, including the increase in size of the largest container ships, the consolidation of the shipping industry, particularly among Chinese state-run companies, and new and expanding port operations due to the enlargement of the Panama Canal.
Salvatore Babones
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447336808
- eISBN:
- 9781447336907
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447336808.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
When Henry Luce famously called the twentieth century the "American Century," he strongly implied that it was the "first" American century (i.e., not the only one). Subsequent commentators have ...
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When Henry Luce famously called the twentieth century the "American Century," he strongly implied that it was the "first" American century (i.e., not the only one). Subsequent commentators have misunderstood Luce because they have failed to identify the relevant "width of a time point" for world-historical analysis. World-historical trends unfold over centuries, not decades. Demographic change is also slow but sure. China's low fertility rate means that China's population will soon by declining. By 2100 China may have roughly the same population as the Anglo-Saxon core of the American Tianxia. Francis Fukuyama's famous "end of history" is thus much more stable than he has subsequently maintained. The American Tianxia is the universal homogeneous state that Fukuyama once claimed was to be found at the end of history. The Pax Americana of the American Tianxia is very stable because it is based on personal incentives, not interstate relations. It constitutes a new, postmodern world-system, the millennial world-system, that is likely to last for several centuries.Less
When Henry Luce famously called the twentieth century the "American Century," he strongly implied that it was the "first" American century (i.e., not the only one). Subsequent commentators have misunderstood Luce because they have failed to identify the relevant "width of a time point" for world-historical analysis. World-historical trends unfold over centuries, not decades. Demographic change is also slow but sure. China's low fertility rate means that China's population will soon by declining. By 2100 China may have roughly the same population as the Anglo-Saxon core of the American Tianxia. Francis Fukuyama's famous "end of history" is thus much more stable than he has subsequently maintained. The American Tianxia is the universal homogeneous state that Fukuyama once claimed was to be found at the end of history. The Pax Americana of the American Tianxia is very stable because it is based on personal incentives, not interstate relations. It constitutes a new, postmodern world-system, the millennial world-system, that is likely to last for several centuries.
Julie Ren
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447313472
- eISBN:
- 9781447313502
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447313472.003.0017
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter examines whether gentrification is an effective means to describe the changes urban China is undergoing. It discusses the strategic reasons for studying ‘gentrification’ in China and the ...
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This chapter examines whether gentrification is an effective means to describe the changes urban China is undergoing. It discusses the strategic reasons for studying ‘gentrification’ in China and the potential shortcomings. It is especially concerned that ‘gentrification’ research in China may obscure a more contextually relevant understanding of urban inequality and that rebalancing the equation towards ‘the particular’ might isolate Chinese urbanism in its own parochial frame.Less
This chapter examines whether gentrification is an effective means to describe the changes urban China is undergoing. It discusses the strategic reasons for studying ‘gentrification’ in China and the potential shortcomings. It is especially concerned that ‘gentrification’ research in China may obscure a more contextually relevant understanding of urban inequality and that rebalancing the equation towards ‘the particular’ might isolate Chinese urbanism in its own parochial frame.
Karen Bell
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781447305941
- eISBN:
- 9781447302933
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447305941.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
China, as a nominally socialist country that is famously beset with serious environmental problems, appears to contradict the theory that it is capitalism that has produced the global ecological ...
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China, as a nominally socialist country that is famously beset with serious environmental problems, appears to contradict the theory that it is capitalism that has produced the global ecological crisis. Some avoid this conclusion by arguing that China is now, or always has been, a capitalist country, so that there is no inconsistency. Whether or not this is the case is a contentious debate, attracting fiercely opposing views, but most would agree that China certainly no longer conforms to the standard socialist model. This chapter describes how new legislation and collective action have enabled significant improvements in environmental policy making in China over the last decade. However, it also shows how, as in the United States and other countries, the impressive legal and institutional developments have, so far, failed to produce a reasonable level of environmental justice.Less
China, as a nominally socialist country that is famously beset with serious environmental problems, appears to contradict the theory that it is capitalism that has produced the global ecological crisis. Some avoid this conclusion by arguing that China is now, or always has been, a capitalist country, so that there is no inconsistency. Whether or not this is the case is a contentious debate, attracting fiercely opposing views, but most would agree that China certainly no longer conforms to the standard socialist model. This chapter describes how new legislation and collective action have enabled significant improvements in environmental policy making in China over the last decade. However, it also shows how, as in the United States and other countries, the impressive legal and institutional developments have, so far, failed to produce a reasonable level of environmental justice.
